5个价值观取向需要记住!单元多时间文化,高低语境。
文化维度
集体主义-个人主义 Individualism-Collectivism
权利距离 Power Distance
刚性/柔性取向 Masculinity-Femininity
不确定性规进 Uncertainty Avoidance
弱不确定规避:新加坡, 丹麦, 瑞典, 美国
强不确定规避:希腊, 葡萄牙, 迷路, 日本
长期/短期取向 Long-term/Short-term orientation
价值取向
人性取向 Human
人是邪恶的(evil),人的邪恶可以改变/人的邪恶不可以改变
人有善有恶,人的善恶可变/不可变,或者人不是善不是恶,是可变的
人是善良的,是不可改变的或者是可变的。
人与自然关系取向 Man-nature
美西方为主的征服自然,自然力量要被人类利用,魔法阵汲取自然力量,召唤冰雪风暴。
中日印的人与自然和谐共处,精灵/神仙和人交易,如哈尔移动的城堡的火之精灵使用头发激发力量,中国的神仙依赖香火。
自然超出人类的界限,人类就是一坨狗屎。(墨西哥,西班牙)
时间取向 Time
面向未来,过去是被轻视的。
以现在为导向,此时此刻才真实。
过去导向,重视传统,崇拜祖先,强调强烈的家庭关系。
M时间:以时间表,细分和及时性而闻名。
P时间:不严格不约束,不受时钟约束。
行动取向 Activity
社会关系取向 Social
高低语境
高语境对话不需要提供大量的背景信息,就是我们是同一个文化,我们信仰同一个对象,反之亦然。
跨文化交际
The dances between the Dai nationality and the Han nationality is the symbol for ____ communication.
A. international (国际的) B.interracial(人种间的;不同种族间的) C.interreligious(不同宗教的) D.interethnic(不同种族间的)
inter表示什么之间的意思,其中racial原型是race表示种族比ethnicity要大一些,傣族和汉族的话,我们应该选择ethnicity那个也就是D。
这4个选项很常见需要记住!
When you enter into a new culture, you’d better get to know their ____________in case you may offend people which may hinder the communication.
A. customs and laws (传统和法律)
B. rules and regulations (规则和规章)
C. customs and taboos (传统与禁忌)
D. habits and interests(习惯与利益)
As a newly developed discipline(等价于subject;学科), intercultural communication started in __________in 1960s.
A. Greece
B. China
C.France
D. America
Which one isn’t the symbol for American multiculturalism?
A.mixture (有呕吐物的意思不太好)
B.tapestry(织锦的意思)
C. melting pot (熔炉)
D. salad bowl(沙拉碗)
Intercultural communication is a communication between people of __________cultural backgrounds.
跨文化交流是一种在不同文化背景的人之间的交流
Communication refers to the transmission of information (a massage) between source (sender) and receiver, by using __________system.
As a discipline, intercultural communication should focus on the ____________of a nation, or a country.
跨文化交际作为一个学科 应该主力研究主流国家和民族相关的。
Culture consists of a pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, symbols and meanings that are_______________________to varying degrees.
A. fostered B.shared C.changed
Culture is_____________ and pervasive.
A. visible
B. invisible
C. blind
文化是不可视的!
Culture is ________________________ .
文化是后天学习的!
______________________ are short sayings of folk wisdom on the values of culture.
谚语(proverbs),民间故事(folktales),当然选谚语啦!
Chinese movies focus more on___________ , _________________ and _____________________ .
A. collectivism, self-reliance, conformity
B. individualism, self-reliance , conformity
C. collectivism, self-sacrifice, conformity
D. individualism, self-sacrifice, hard work
中国电影主要是从众+集体主义+自我牺牲,另外一个self-reliance是自我救赎的意思。
Culture is ________________ and _____________________ .
文化是综合的!是共享的!是自适应的!
判断对错
Customs, traditions, symbols, food, arts, historical sites and architecture are all about culture.
There are a number of properties of culture that most people would regard the same to describe culture’ essence.
Culture consists of a pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to similar degrees by interacting members of an identity group. (我也不知道为什么)
Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the numbers of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through creation. (这个我也不知道)
Myth(神话的意思) is a symbolic way of communicating which mainly tells the stories of Gods and demons and ghosts.(这玩意是错的?神话还讲别的吗?)
Chinese people attempt a balancing act with nature and try to live in harmony with it, while westerners put people as the center of universe and think that humans are linked closely with the nature.(西方人认为人主宰自然?)
传统与宗教
基督教:Christianity
佛教:Buddhism
道教:Daoism
伊斯兰教:Islam
天主教:Catholicism(基督教其中一派)
犹太教:Judaism
东正教:EasternOrthodox
印度教:Hindusim
儒家:Confucianism(儒家有9个核心思想)
以上是需要记住的宗教名称,接下来我们提及几个专门的名词:
无神论者:atheist
无知者:agnostic
多神论者:polytheistic
学说:doctrine
接下来我们提及几个历史小常识,
罗马帝国征服不列颠,基督教传入英国。